Military Spending and the Sino-US Arms Race: An Analysis Using Bootstrap ARDL

An Analysis of the Richardson Arms Race Model

According to Lewis Richardson, the likelihood of two nations engaging in conflict can be determined by a set of differential equations. Richardson conjectured that a nation’s probability of entering into an aggressive war is based upon its stockpiles of available weaponry, and tempered by the resistance of the citizenry. In the Richardson model, the likelihood of a small dispute erupting into a...

Plants versus pathogens: an evolutionary arms race.

The analysis of plant-pathogen interactions is a rapidly moving research field and one that is very important for productive agricultural systems. The focus of this review is on the evolution of plant defence responses and the coevolution of their pathogens, primarily from a molecular-genetic perspective. It explores the evolution of the major types of plant defence responses including pathogen...

The Politics of Military Spending

The Arms Race in P2P

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have recently grown in popularity for a variety of applications such as content distribution, streaming multimedia and voice-over IP. P2P networks are built around a decentralized architecture to distribute data in a manner that offers high availability of content, inherent fault-tolerance and efficiency. While P2P networks offer several important advantages over tra...

The Contingent-Claims Arms Race

In general, this means that the model is more complex — although not necessarily more effective. The models may have different philosophical starting points, but many of the improvements involve adding a function or an extra equation where there was previously a fixed assumption. Increased flexibility is good, but estimation of the parameters that feed the model remains the most important decis...